<html>

<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document">
<meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 9">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage Express 2.0">
<title>17 Intelligent Agents</title>
<link rel="File-List" href="./chap17_files/filelist.xml">
<link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="./chap17_files/editdata.mso">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
 /* Font Definitions */
@font-face
	{font-family:Wingdings;
	panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
	mso-font-charset:2;
	mso-generic-font-family:auto;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:Tahoma;
	panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:1627421319 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
	panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:1627421663 -2147483648 8 0 66047 0;}
@font-face
	{font-family:Desdemona;
	panose-1:4 2 5 5 2 14 3 4 5 4;
	mso-font-charset:0;
	mso-generic-font-family:decorative;
	mso-font-pitch:variable;
	mso-font-signature:131 0 0 0 9 0;}
 /* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
	{mso-style-parent:"";
	margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;}
h1
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:1;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-font-kerning:0pt;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:normal;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
h2
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:2;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:normal;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
h3
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:3;
	font-size:14.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:normal;}
h4
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:4;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
h5
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:5;
	font-size:14.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
h6
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	text-indent:.5in;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:6;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:normal;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.MsoHeading7, li.MsoHeading7, div.MsoHeading7
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:7;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.MsoHeading8, li.MsoHeading8, div.MsoHeading8
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:8;
	font-size:14.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
p.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9
	{mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	page-break-after:avoid;
	mso-outline-level:9;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoIndex1, li.MsoIndex1, div.MsoIndex1
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:11.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex2, li.MsoIndex2, div.MsoIndex2
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:22.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex3, li.MsoIndex3, div.MsoIndex3
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:33.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex4, li.MsoIndex4, div.MsoIndex4
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:44.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex5, li.MsoIndex5, div.MsoIndex5
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:55.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex6, li.MsoIndex6, div.MsoIndex6
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:66.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex7, li.MsoIndex7, div.MsoIndex7
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:77.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex8, li.MsoIndex8, div.MsoIndex8
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:88.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndex9, li.MsoIndex9, div.MsoIndex9
	{mso-style-update:auto;
	mso-style-next:Normal;
	margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:99.0pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-indent:-11.0pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	tab-stops:center 207.65pt right 415.3pt;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	tab-stops:center 207.65pt right 415.3pt;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoIndexHeading, li.MsoIndexHeading, div.MsoIndexHeading
	{mso-style-next:"Index 1";
	margin-top:12.0pt;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0in;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:15.5pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	font-weight:bold;}
span.MsoFootnoteReference
	{vertical-align:super;}
span.MsoEndnoteReference
	{vertical-align:super;}
p.MsoEndnoteText, li.MsoEndnoteText, div.MsoEndnoteText
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:center;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoBodyTextIndent, li.MsoBodyTextIndent, div.MsoBodyTextIndent
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:13.5pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	text-indent:.65pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	border:none;
	mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;
	mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;
	padding:0in;
	mso-padding-alt:1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoBodyText3, li.MsoBodyText3, div.MsoBodyText3
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoBodyTextIndent2, li.MsoBodyTextIndent2, div.MsoBodyTextIndent2
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:13.5pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoBodyTextIndent3, li.MsoBodyTextIndent3, div.MsoBodyTextIndent3
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:0in;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:.5in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:9.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoBlockText, li.MsoBlockText, div.MsoBlockText
	{margin-top:0in;
	margin-right:-.35pt;
	margin-bottom:0in;
	margin-left:3.5in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	text-indent:-3.5in;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
	{mso-style-parent:"";
	color:blue;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
	{color:purple;
	text-decoration:underline;
	text-underline:single;}
strong
	{mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
em
	{mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.MsoDocumentMap, li.MsoDocumentMap, div.MsoDocumentMap
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	background:navy;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:Tahoma;
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
p.MsoPlainText, li.MsoPlainText, div.MsoPlainText
	{margin:0in;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p
	{margin-right:0in;
	mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
	mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
	margin-left:0in;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;}
span.Typewriter
	{mso-style-name:Typewriter;
	mso-style-parent:"";
	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
	mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";}
span.l
	{mso-style-name:l;}
@page Section1
	{size:8.5in 11.0in;
	margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
	mso-header-margin:.5in;
	mso-footer-margin:.5in;
	mso-paper-source:0;}
div.Section1
	{page:Section1;}
 /* List Definitions */
@list l0
	{mso-list-id:312029272;
	mso-list-type:hybrid;
	mso-list-template-ids:2142692520 -1522905488 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l0:level1
	{mso-level-start-at:5;
	mso-level-tab-stop:.75in;
	mso-level-number-position:left;
	margin-left:.75in;
	text-indent:-.25in;}
ol
	{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
	{margin-bottom:0in;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1132"/>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
  <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
 </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u1:shapedefaults u2:ext="edit" spidmax="1460">
  <u1:colormenu u2:ext="edit" fillcolor="none"/>
 </u1:shapedefaults>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u3:shapelayout u4:ext="edit">
  <u3:idmap u4:ext="edit" data="1"/>
 </u3:shapelayout>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u1:DocumentProperties>
  <u1:Author> </u1:Author>
  <u1:Template>Normal</u1:Template>
  <u1:LastAuthor> </u1:LastAuthor>
  <u1:Revision>10</u1:Revision>
  <u1:TotalTime>3</u1:TotalTime>
  <u1:Created>2005-01-15T18:26:00Z</u1:Created>
  <u1:LastSaved>2005-01-16T04:10:00Z</u1:LastSaved>
  <u1:Pages>23</u1:Pages>
  <u1:Words>4465</u1:Words>
  <u1:Characters>25456</u1:Characters>
  <u1:Company> </u1:Company>
  <u1:Lines>212</u1:Lines>
  <u1:Paragraphs>50</u1:Paragraphs>
  <u1:CharactersWithSpaces>31261</u1:CharactersWithSpaces>
  <u1:Version>9.2720</u1:Version>
 </u1:DocumentProperties>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u2:WordDocument>
  <u2:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</u2:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>
  <u2:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</u2:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>
  <u2:UseMarginsForDrawingGridOrigin/>
  <u2:Compatibility>
   <u2:FootnoteLayoutLikeWW8/>
   <u2:ShapeLayoutLikeWW8/>
   <u2:AlignTablesRowByRow/>
   <u2:ForgetLastTabAlignment/>
   <u2:LayoutRawTableWidth/>
   <u2:LayoutTableRowsApart/>
  </u2:Compatibility>
 </u2:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u3:shapedefaults u4:ext="edit" spidmax="1164"/>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <u5:shapelayout u6:ext="edit">
  <u5:idmap u6:ext="edit" data="1"/>
 </u5:shapelayout>
</xml><![endif]-->
</head>

<body bgcolor="#C0C0C0" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080"
lang="EN-US" style="tab-interval:
.5in">
<div align="center"><center>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" width="80%" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
style="width:80.0%;
 mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;background:white;mso-padding-alt:75.0pt 75.0pt 75.0pt 75.0pt">
    <tr>
        <td width="100%"
        style="width:100.0%;padding:75.0pt 75.0pt 75.0pt 75.0pt"><p
        align="left" class="MsoTitle"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:left"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <div align="center"><center><table border="0"
        cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="432"
        style="width:4.5in;
   border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
   mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="492"
                style="width:368.75pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p
                align="left" class="MsoTitle"
                style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><a href="QiPrograms.zip">Download
                Programs</a> <u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" width="492"
                style="width:368.75pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;
    border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p
                align="left" class="MsoTitle"
                style="text-align:left"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><a href="contents.htm">Go
                to Contents Page<u5:p></u5:p></span></a></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        </center></div><p align="left" class="MsoTitle"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:left"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p align="left" class="MsoTitle"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-align:left"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Note that this
        HTML page was generated from Word 2000.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Some of the
        code cannot be pasted into Qi. You are advised to
        download the program files through the above link.<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
  mso-outline-level:1;border:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:
  1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:72.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  10.0pt;font-family:Desdemona;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">17</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:72.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB">
</span>        </b><sup><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:48.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Intelligent Agents<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></sup></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Expert
        systems, automated reasoning and intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>intelligent
  agents</span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>show
        a certain evolutionary process.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>A theorem-prover is
        an automated reasoning program for deducing conclusions
        from a body of assumptions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>An expert system</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>expert system</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>is
        a an automated reasoning program with a mission &#150; to
        supply the expertise in decision-making associated with
        long years of human experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>An intelligent
        agent has a mission too - to simulate an intelligent
        being performing a task.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Unlike an expert system,
        intelligent agents are not constructed purely for the
        purpose of reproducing human expertise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Intelligent
        agents are also constructed for helping model human
        behaviour, perform routine tasks, and possibly to exist
        and interact in the physical world.<a href="#_ftn1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></a><a
        href="#_ftn1"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[1]</span></a><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"
        style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" title>[1]</a><a
        href="#_ftn1"></a><a href="#_ftn1"></a>[1]</span> There is a
        class inclusion relation linking automated reasoners,
        expert systems and intelligent agents: expert systems are
        automated reasoners designed to model the human expert
        and automated reasoning is part of the study of
        intelligent agents (figure 17.1).<u7:p></u7:p></span><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><u8:group id="_x0000_s1159" style="position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
 margin-left:64.05pt;margin-top:6.45pt;width:314.9pt;height:129.75pt;z-index:-1" coordorigin="1161,7147" coordsize="6298,2100"><u8:oval id="_x0000_s1160" style="position:absolute;left:1161;top:7147;width:6298;
  height:2100" /><u8:group id="_x0000_s1161" style="position:absolute;left:1341;top:7271;
  width:4320;height:1872" coordorigin="2019,8728" coordsize="4545,1872"><u8:oval id="_x0000_s1162" style="position:absolute;left:2019;top:8728;
   width:4545;height:1872" u7:allowincell="f" /><u8:oval id="_x0000_s1163" style="position:absolute;left:2259;top:9160;
   width:2631;height:1008" u7:allowincell="f" /></u8:group></u8:group>&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><u6:group id="_x0000_s1459" style="position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
   margin-left:243pt;margin-top:5.8pt;width:297pt;height:120.75pt;z-index:2" coordorigin="4890,8711" coordsize="5940,2415"><u6:oval id="_x0000_s1453" style="position:absolute;left:4905;top:9450;
    width:2445;height:1035" filled="f" /><u6:oval id="_x0000_s1457" style="position:absolute;left:4905;top:9009;
    width:4380;height:1770;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
    mso-position-vertical:absolute" filled="f" /><u6:oval id="_x0000_s1458" style="position:absolute;left:4890;top:8711;
    width:5940;height:2415;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
    mso-position-vertical:absolute" filled="f" /></u6:group><img
        src="image001.gif" width="397" height="162"
        id="_x0000_i1025"
        u6:shapes="_x0000_s1459 _x0000_s1453 _x0000_s1457 _x0000_s1458"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:3.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Intelligent<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:3.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:13.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Agents<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:3.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Automated<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:2.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:22.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Reasoning<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:1.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:22.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Expert
        Systems<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:1.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
  .5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></i></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></i></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;
  margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Figure
        17.1 The conceptual relations between expert systems,
        intelligent agents and automated reasoning.<u7:p></u7:p></span></i></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Programs
        that model human behaviour are not new. <b>Colby</b>&#146;s
        (1975) PARRY was</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>PARRY</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>an early attempt to model a
        paranoid patient using then current psychological models.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        <b>Winograd</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Winograd</span></b><b><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></b>&#146;s SHRDLU</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SHRDLU</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>program (1972) would
        manipulate imaginary coloured blocks in response to
        English commands. So if intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>intelligent
  agents</span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>are old,
        why have intelligent agents become a hot topic at the
        beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century? <span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">We
        can isolate two key developments. The first key
        development is based on the idea that intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>intelligent agents</span><span style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>can
        <i>interact</i> with each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Not only can they
        reason, but they can act on the conclusions they draw and
        <i>change</i> their environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In changing the
        environment, they influence each other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>This marks
        out intelligent agents from older programs like PARRY</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>PARRY</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The
        second key development is not conceptual, but very
        practical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If the power of using intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>intelligent
  agents</span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>lies
        in being able to create hundreds or even thousands of
        interacting agents, then processor performance is at a
        premium.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>PARRY</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>PARRY</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>and SHRDLU</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SHRDLU</span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>soaked up the
        entire CPU of the computers on which they ran. Simply,
        processor performance significantly prior to the
        beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> century did not allow
        scientists to model large numbers of interacting agents.
        In this chapter we shall see how to model a system of
        commuters using intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>intelligent
  agents</span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>in Qi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        The work described here is covered in <b>Fa</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  layout-grid-mode:line">�</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Fa</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'>�</span></b><b><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot;
  \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  layout-grid-mode:line"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span><b>and</b>
</span>        <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Tarver</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Tarver<span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'>&quot; </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></b>(2002).<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:list 0in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1;tab-stops:list 0in"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">17.1</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">
</span>        </u><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:
  -.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Modeling Commuters With Intelligent Agents<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Our
        model is based on the following scenario.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Every day
        a number of commuters sets off to work along a certain
        number of routes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If a commuter is the only user of
        a route then he travels at maximum speed (say 50 m.p.h.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        However every additional commuter on a route slows the
        travelling speed by 10 m.p.h. down to an absolute minimum
        speed on a route of 10 m.p.h. Every commuter wants to
        travel on the fastest route and knows all about the past
        average speeds on the routes available.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Any
        commuter can travel on any route. </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">What is the aggregate
        behaviour of this group of commuters over time?<u7:p></u7:p>&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">We model</span><a href="#_ftn2"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></a><a
        href="#_ftn2"></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a href="#_ftn2"></span></span></a><a href="#_ftn2"
        name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;
  mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings">0</span></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a
        href="#_ftn2"></a><a href="#_ftn2"></span></a><a href="#_ftn2"></span><span style="font-size:
  10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">        &nbsp;</span>this domain as a pair made up of a <b>history</b> H
        and a set of <b>agents</b> A. H is a list of <b>moments</b>
        M<sub><i>i</i></sub> ordered from present to past. A
        moment is a set of <b>events </b>(atoms of FOL). Each
        agent has a unique <strong>name </strong>and a <b>personality</b>,
        which consists of a set of <b>assertions</b> (wffs of
        FOL) partitioned into <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p><u5:p></u5:p> </p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:50.15pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">a.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">        a set of <b>beliefs, </b>which will be wffs of (a subset
        of) FOL.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:50.15pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">b.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">        a set of <b>desires</b> represented as dispositions to
        act; plus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>&#133;. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:50.15pt;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">c.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">        &#133; a set of <b>heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> XE &quot;</span>pragmatics<span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot; </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></b>; a means of reasoning
        with those beliefs and desires.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">A disposition
        to act is a conditional whose consequent of the form <em>todo</em>(<em>agent,
        intention</em>) and whose antecedents are wffs of FOL. If
        the antecedents are met, the intention is acted on and
        the appropriate event added to the present moment M<sub>1</sub>.
        The heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'>pragmatics</b>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>will be represented as a tactic. We
        describe the behaviour of this group by giving a
        description of the travel changes through &lt;M<sub>1</sub>,
        M<sub>2</sub>, M<sub>3</sub>, ...&gt;. The subset of FOL
        we use dispenses with existential quantifiers which are
        not needed in this model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We define atoms as a
        type. <u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(datatype
        atom<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        </b><b><u>P : symbol;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        P : atom;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        if (not (= F ~))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        F : symbol; Terms : [term];<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        =====================<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        [F Terms] : atom; )<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(datatype
        term<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></b><b><u>Term
        : symbol;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Term
        : term;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></b><b><u>Term
        : number;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Term
        : term;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></b><b><u>Term
        : string;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Term
        : term;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></b><b><u>Term
        : boolean;</u></b><b></span><u7:p></u7:p></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Term
        : term;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></b><b><u>Term
        : character;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Term
        : term;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>F
        : symbol; Terms : [term];<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>=====================<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        [F | Terms] : term;)<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(datatype
        wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        </b><b><u>P : atom;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        P : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        if (not (= F ~))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        </b><b><u>[F X] : atom &gt;&gt; Y : A;<u7:p></u7:p></u></b><b></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [F X] : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>&gt;&gt; Y : A;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        if (element? C [v =&gt; &amp;])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        P : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">; Q : wff;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        ===========<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [P C Q] : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        P : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        =======<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [~ P] : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        if (element? Q [some all])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        X : symbol; R : symbol; P : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        =========================<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [Q X R P] : wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">;)<u5:p></u5:p></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><u7:p></u7:p><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">The notation
        is very similar to that of chapter 15, with one
        significant difference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Universal quantifiers have
        an extra symbol attached to them which indicates the <i>range</span><!--[if supportFields]><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> XE &quot;range&quot; </span></span></i><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></i>&nbsp;</span>of
        the bound variable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The range of the bound variable
        is the set of objects over which the quantification
        proceeds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>To illustrate; let <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&quot;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">x
        (solid(x) </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
  layout-grid-mode:line">�</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> free_fall_acceleration(x, 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">mean
        &#145;All solid objects accelerate at 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>
        in free fall.&#146; Allowing for approximation, this
        statement is true &#150; provided that we take the range</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;range&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of
        the quantifier to be restricted to objects less than
        10,000 feet from the surface of the Earth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If we
        were to consider objects over 100 miles above the surface
        of the Earth or objects dropped on other planets, the
        statement would be false.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Therefore the truth
        or falsity of the statement depends on the range of the
        quantifier.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">In our
        notation, the range</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;range&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of the quantifier is explicitly
        given as an extra symbol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>To make our assertion
        clear we would write<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&quot;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">x </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;layout-grid-mode:line">� </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">E
        solid(x) </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:Symbol;layout-grid-mode:line">�</span><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> free_fall_acceleration(x, 9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">where E
        denotes the set of all solid objects less than 1,000 feet
        from the surface of the Earth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">When the
        range</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;range&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of the quantifier is finite in size, then
        every universally quantified assertion can be seen as a
        shorthand for a conjunction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Thus let MP be all the
        set of men at a party, then<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:Symbol">&quot;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">x </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;layout-grid-mode:line">� </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">MP
        wearing_a_tie(x) <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">asserts that
        every man at the party is wearing a tie.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>If Tom,
        Dick and Harry are the only men, then this assertion is
        true if and only if &#145;wearing_a_tie(Tom) &amp;
        wearing_a_tie(Dick) &amp; wearing_a_tie(Harry)&#146; is
        true.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Now let us return to our model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We
        define some synonyms</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;</span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>synonyms</span><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&quot; \b </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(synonyms</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;synonyms&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        model ([agent] * history)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        history [moment]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        moment [event]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        action term<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        event atom<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        personality [wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE
  &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">]<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        tactic (goals - -&gt; goals))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(datatype
        globals<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">_____________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*history*)
        : history;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">_________________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*personality*)
        : personality;<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">_________________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*routes*)
        : [symbol];)<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">We
        define an agent as a structure. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(structure
        agent<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        name symbol<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        personality [wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold">]<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;pragmatics&quot; </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>tactic)<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">In our
        notation, <i>r </i>denotes the set of all routes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We
        assert that a prototypical agent</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> c</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></b>hooses the route
        which he considers the fastest route provided he has not
        already chosen to travel a route.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In our notation
        this is written<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText3"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-.7pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(all x </b><b><i>r</i></b><b>
        (((fastest (agent, x)) &amp; (all y </b><b><i>r</i></b><b>
        (~ (travels (agent, y))))) =&gt; (todo(a, (travels, a,
        x)))))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">We also
        assert that the fastest route is the one whose average
        speed is greater than or equal to any other route. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(all x </b><b><i>r
        </i></b><b>((all y </b><b><i>r</i></b><b> (=&gt;
        ((average_speed, agent, x) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (average_speed, agent, y)))) =&gt; (fastest (agent, x))))
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">These two
        assertions constitute the personality of our agents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        Next we need to state the heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'>pragmatics</b>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>used by this
        personality; how the agent actually reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>To do
        this we need to state a series of rules that define how
        we can reason with our fragment of FOL.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:
  10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">name
        expall_l<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">let E
        (expand X R P) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">E
        &gt;&gt; Q;<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">[all
        X R P] &gt;&gt; Q;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">name
        expall_r<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">let E
        (expand X R P) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><u><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">E;__________<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-US">[all
        X R P];<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The first two
        rules allow the replacement of a universally quantified
        formula by the appropriate conjunct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The
        function </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">expand </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>does this replacement. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        expand<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; symbol - -&gt; wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE
  &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; wff}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Var Range Wff -&gt; (exp* Var (jumble (den Range)) Wff))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">expand</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>
        grabs the denotation of the symbol denoting the range</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;range&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>of
        the function. This range is held as a list of symbols.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        The point of </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">jumble</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b> is to return this list in a
        random order.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Returning routes in a random
        order means that agents will not consider the best routes
        in the same order.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        jumble<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {[A] - -&gt; [A]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [ ] -&gt; [ ]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        L -&gt; (let N (+ (random (length L)) 1)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt">        (let X (nth N L)<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>[X | (jumble (remove_nth N L))])))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        remove_nth<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; [A] - -&gt; [A]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        1 [_ | Y] -&gt; Y<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        N [X | Y] -&gt; [X | (remove_nth (- N 1) Y)]) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        den<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; [symbol]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        r -&gt; (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*routes*))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The function </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">exp*
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>actually does the job of building a conjunction by
        substituting each item of the range</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;range&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>for the
        universally quantified variable. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        exp*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; [symbol] - -&gt; wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; wff}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Var [Val] Wff -&gt; (sub Val Var Wff)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Var [Val | Vals] Wff<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>-&gt; [(sub Val Var Wff) &amp;
        (exp* Var Vals Wff)])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        sub<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; symbol - -&gt; wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; wff}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [all Q R P] -&gt; [all Q R (sub Val Var P)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [some Q R P] -&gt; [some Q R (sub Val Var P)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [P &amp; Q] -&gt; [(sub Val Var P) &amp; (sub Val
        Var Q)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [P v Q] -&gt; [(sub Val Var P) v (sub Val Var Q)]
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [P =&gt; Q] -&gt; [(sub Val Var P) -&gt; (sub Val
        Var Q)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [~ P] -&gt; [~ (sub Val Var P)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [F X] -&gt; [F (sub* Val Var X)])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        sub*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; symbol - -&gt; [term] - -&gt; [term]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [] -&gt; []<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [Term | Terms] -&gt; [Val | (sub* Val Var Terms)]
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">where (==
        Var Term)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [[Func | Terms] | MoreTerms] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt">        -&gt; [[Func | (sub* Val Var Terms)] | (sub* Val Var
        MoreTerms)]<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Val Var [Term | Terms] -&gt; [Term | (sub* Val Var
        Terms)])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The
        next three rules are simpler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We have two rules for
        splitting conjunctions and a rule for doing backward
        chaining with conditionals.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        split_r<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P; Q;<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        &amp; Q];<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p>name
        split_l<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P, Q
        &gt;&gt; R;<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        &amp; Q] &gt;&gt; R;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        backchain<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        =&gt; Q] &gt;&gt; P;<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        =&gt; Q] &gt;&gt; Q;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A rule </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">planactions
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>enables an agent to plan actions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Given a
        desire to do something, if the preconditions of the
        desire can be shown to hold, then the agent takes the
        appropriate action.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        planactions<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P;
        [does [Agent Action]]; begin;<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        =&gt; [todo [Agent Action]]] &gt;&gt; begin;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A rule </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">drop_desire
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>enables an agent to abandon desires. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        drop_desire<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">begin;__________________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[P
        =&gt; [todo [Agent Action]]] &gt;&gt; begin;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The rule </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">act
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>says that if an agent is to do something, then he
        does it!<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        act<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">if
        (execute-action Action) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">[does
        [Agent Action]];<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">execute-action</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>
        always returns </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">true.</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp; </span>The side condition
        changes the history of the computation by adding the </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Action
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>to the current moment of the history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>An action
        is a term, so adding the action to the history means
        creating an event which is a wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'> XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The function </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">action_to_event
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        </b>coerces an action to an event. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        execute-action<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {action - -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Action -&gt; (do (set *history* (ea* Action (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*history*)))
        true))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        ea*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {action - -&gt; history - -&gt; history}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Action [M | Ms] -&gt; [[(action_to_event Action) | M] |
        Ms]<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Action [] -&gt; [[(action_to_event Action)]])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        action_to_event <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {action - -&gt; event}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [F | T] -&gt; [F T]) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Finally </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">evalatom</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>
        allows an atom to be proved providing it is evaluable to </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">true</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>.
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">name
        evalatom<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">if
        (evaluable-to-true? P)<u7:p></u7:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span style="font-size:
  10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">evaluable-to-true</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>
        does a lot of work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Given an assertion that the
        average speed for the agent on route X is greater than or
        equal to that on route Y, the function measures the
        relative speeds to see if this is so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Given an
        assertion that the agent is not traveling on a route, the
        function checks to see if he is. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        evaluable-to-true?<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [=&gt; [[average_speed Agent X] [average_speed Agent Y]]]
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:
  1">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>=&gt;
        (&gt;= (av_speed Agent X (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*history*)) <u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (av_speed Agent Y (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*history*)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [~ [travels [Agent Route]]] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  letter-spacing:-1.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-.5pt">        -&gt; (not-traveled [travels [Agent Route]] (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";letter-spacing:-.5pt'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";letter-spacing:-.5pt'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;letter-spacing:-.5pt"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>*history*))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ -&gt; false)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        not-traveled<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \ Returns true iff the agent has not traveled on the
        route in the present moment. \<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; history - -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        P [[Q | Qs] | _] -&gt; false <span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>where (== P Q)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        P [[_ | Qs] | History] -&gt; (not-traveled P [Qs |
        History])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ _ -&gt; true)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        av_speed<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \Works out the average speed for an agent on a given
        route. \<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {term - -&gt; term - -&gt; history - -&gt; number}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ _ [_] -&gt; 50<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Agent Route History <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        -&gt; (average (map (/. Moment (speed Agent Route
        Moment))<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:2.0in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(past
        History))))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;;
  mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
  AR-SA"><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:
  always">
</span>        </p>
        <p>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:.5in"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        past<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \The past is the tail of the history.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {history - -&gt; history}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [Present | Past] -&gt; Past)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        speed<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Speed on a route is 50 mph &#150; Slowdown to a minimum
        of 10.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {term - -&gt; term - -&gt; moment - -&gt; number}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        A R M -&gt; (let Speed (- 50 (slowdown A R M))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (if (&gt; 10 Speed) 10 Speed)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        slowdown<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>\Slowdown
        is 10 mph for every additional user.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {term - -&gt; term - -&gt; moment - -&gt; number} <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ _ [] -&gt; 0<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        A R [[travels [A R]] | M] -&gt; (slowdown A R M)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        A R [[travels [_ R]] | M] -&gt; (+ 10 (slowdown A R M))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        A R [_ | M] -&gt; (slowdown A R M))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        average<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {[number] - -&gt; number}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        Ns -&gt; (/ (total Ns) (length Ns)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        total<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {[number] - -&gt; number}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        [] -&gt; 0<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        [X | Y] -&gt; (+ X (total Y)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;">The
        heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif"'><span style='mso-element:
  field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>heuristics</b>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of an agent is defined by giving the
        tactic which it uses to process its beliefs and desires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        This tactic is as a loop that processes desires and
        discards them when they are either fulfilled or shown to
        be incapable of fulfillment (figure 17.2).<b> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:1.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><img
        src="17.htm1.jpg" width="387" height="510"
        id="_x0000_i1026"></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;</span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><i><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Figure 17.2<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;
</span>        The heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></i><i><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>
  XE &quot;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>heuristics</b>&quot; </span></i><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><i
  style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i><![endif]--><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>of an agent.<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></i></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;">These
        heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif"'><span style='mso-element:
  field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>heuristics</b>&quot;
  </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>are related to the rules of inference for
        the subset of FOL we have chosen as follows.<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;;
  mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
  AR-SA"><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:
  always">
</span>        </p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">1.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        All universally quantified assertions held in the
        personality of the agent are reduced to conjunctions by
        expansion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>All these conjunctions are eliminated by
        splitting.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">2.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        The first assumption of the form </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(P =&gt; (todo
        (Agent, Action))) </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>is used by</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"> planactions </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>to
        generate the preconditions </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If there are
        no such assumptions (no desires) then the agent ceases to
        act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>the preconditions </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">P</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b> can be
        shown to hold then the agent acts by performing the
        action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>If the preconditions cannot be proved then
        the assumption </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(P =&gt; (todo (Agent, Action))) </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"></b>is
        dropped.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">3.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">        Step 2 is then repeated until the agent ceases to act.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Preconditions
        are proved by a mixture of splitting, expansion,
        evaluating atoms and backward chaining.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The program
        is given in figure 17.3.<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        run_agent<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">        &nbsp;</span>Goals -&gt; (plan_and_do (derive_ground_instances
        Goals)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        derive_ground_instances <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">\All
        universally quantified assertions representing the
        personality of the agent are reduced to conjunctions by
        expansion.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>All these conjunctions are eliminated by
        splitting.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        Goals -&gt; (fix split_l (fix expall_l Goals)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        plan_and_do<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \ Find a desire and the plan to achieve it. \<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals -&gt; (let Plan (planactions Goals)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (if (no_plan? Plan Goals)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \If no plans (no desires), then return Goals.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Otherwise, attempt to prove the preconditions of the
        plan.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (let Actions (prove_preconditions Plan)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \If the preconditions are proved, act then plan and do.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (if (preconditions_proved? Actions)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (plan_and_do (act Actions))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Else drop the desire, and return to planning and doing.\
<u7:p></u7:p></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;</span>(plan_and_do (drop_desire Goals)))))))<u7:p></u7:p>&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        no_plan?<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \If the planactions rule does not change the goals,<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        then there are no desires.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; goals - -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals Goals -&gt; true<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ _ -&gt; false)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        prove_preconditions<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Prove the preconditions of the desire by applying the<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        composition of several rules to a fixpoint.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals -&gt; (fix (/. Tactic <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (backchain (split_r (evalatom (expall_r Tactic)))))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        preconditions_proved?<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \The preconditions are proved if <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        the leading conclusion is an action sentence.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {goals - -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Goals -&gt; (action_sentence? (fst-conc Goals)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        action_sentence?<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {wff</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;wff&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>- -&gt; boolean}<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [does [Agent Action]] -&gt; true<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ -&gt; false) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;
  mso-outline-level:1"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Figure
        17.3 The heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><i><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>heuristics</b>&quot; </span></i><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><i><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of an agent.<u7:p></u7:p></span></i></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The
        final part of the program (figure 17.4) sets the model up
        and runs it, printing out the results. <u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        model<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">\Run
        the model for M routes, N Agents, O Moments.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; number - -&gt; number - -&gt; history}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        M_Routes N_Agents O_Moments <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        -&gt; (run_model O_Moments <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;">(initialise_model
        M_Routes N_Agents)))<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span></b></p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Courier New&quot;;
  mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
  AR-SA"><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:
  always">
</span>        </p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        initialise_model<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \Set routes and personality templates, and build agents.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; number - -&gt; model}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        M N -&gt; (do (set *routes* (initialise_routes M))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (set *personality* [<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [all x r [[[fastest [agent x]] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:2.0in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&amp;
        [all y r [~ [travels [agent y]]]]]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>=&gt; [todo
        [agent [travels agent x]]]]]<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>[all x r [[all y r [=&gt;
        [[average_speed agent x] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:2.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [average_speed agent y]]]] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:3">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>=&gt; [fastest [agent x]]]]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        ])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-tab-count:2">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>(@p (make-agents N (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*personality*))
<u7:p></u7:p></span></span>        </b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (set *history* []))))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        initialise_routes <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \Generate M arbitrary routes.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; [symbol]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        0 -&gt; []<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        M -&gt; [(gensym &quot;route_&quot;) | (initialise_routes
        (- M 1))])<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        make-agents<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Generate N agents with the same personality and
        different names.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; personality - -&gt; [agent] }<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        0 _ -&gt; []<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        N Personality <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        -&gt; (let Name (gensym &quot;agent_&quot;) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [(make-agent Name <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (init_personality Name Personality) run_agent) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        | (make-agents (- N 1) Personality)]))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        init_personality<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \Replace the word &#145;agent&#146; by the name of the
        agent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>to personalise him.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {symbol - -&gt; personality - -&gt; personality}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Name Personality <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">-&gt; (map
        (/. X (sub Name agent X)) Personality))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        run_model<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \Run the model for O moments.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; model - -&gt; history}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        0 (@p Agents History) -&gt; (pphistory 1 (reverse
        History))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        O (@p Agents History) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        -&gt; (do (set *History* [[] | (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE
  &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*History*)]) <u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (map agent_action Agents)<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (run_model (- O 1) (@p Agents (value</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;value&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>*History*)))))<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        agent_action<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        \An agent acts by applying his heuristics</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;heuristics&quot; </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>to his
        goals.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        {agent - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        Agent -&gt; ((agent-heuristics Agent) (agent_goals
        Agent)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        agent_goals<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \His goals are derived from his personality<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>by
        coercing it to a series of goals.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {agent - -&gt; goals}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        Agent -&gt; (to-goals (@p [(@p (agent-personality Agent)
        begin)] [])))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">\The
        final piece of code prints the results.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        pphistory<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        \Print the results down the screen, enumerating the
        moments.\<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {number - -&gt; history - -&gt; history}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        _ [] -&gt; []<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        N [Moment | Moments] <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        -&gt; (do (output &quot;~A. &quot; N) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>(scroll
        Moment) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:13.5pt"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        (pphistory (+ N 1) Moments)))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">(define
        scroll<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        {moment - -&gt; [A]}<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [] -&gt; []<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        [Event | Events] -&gt; (do (output &quot;~A~%&quot;
        Event) (scroll Events))) <u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoPlainText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;
  mso-outline-level:1"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Figure
        17.4<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>Setting up the model and running it.<u7:p></u7:p></span></i></p>
        <h4 style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></h4>
        <h4 style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">17.2 The Story of
        Agent_95________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></h4>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Lets run this
        model for 7 commuters using 7 routes for 30 moments. A <b>fixed
        commuter</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> XE &quot;</span>fixed commuter<span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot; </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span>is one who always travels by the same
        route.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>As the moments mount, the number of fixed
        commuters increases.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Figure 17.5 asterixes new
        fixed commuters. This figure shows that by moment #7, all
        the commuters are fixed in their travel behaviour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Look
        at agent_95.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>We can read a story into the behaviour
        of this agent.<u7:p></u7:p><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:
  line-break;page-break-before:always">
<u5:p></u5:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span>        </p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
        style="margin-left:40.0pt;
   border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .75pt;
   mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">
            <tr>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:
    line">                (travels (agent_95 route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels
                (agent_94 route_84))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_82))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_82))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_82))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border:solid black .75pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:
    solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:
    line">                (travels (agent_95 route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels
                (agent_94 route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border:solid black .75pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:
    solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:
    line">                (travels (agent_95 route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels
                (agent_94 route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;
    border-right:solid black .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">4.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:
    line">                (travels (agent_95 route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels
                (agent_94 route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border:solid black .75pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:
    solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
    mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">                (travels (agent_95 route_87))*<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></b><p
                class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_94
                route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_82))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_82))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;
    border-right:solid black .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">6.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
    mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">                (travels (agent_95 route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></b><p
                class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_94
                route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_85))<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border:solid black .75pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:
    solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">7.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
    mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">                (travels (agent_95 route_87))<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></b><p
                class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line"><span style="mso-spacerun:
    yes">&nbsp;</span>(travels (agent_94
                route_84))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_93
                route_86))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_92
                route_82))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_91
                route_83))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_90
                route_85))*<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">(travels (agent_89
                route_88))<u7:p></u7:p></span></b></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top"
                style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;
    border-right:solid black .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    layout-grid-mode:line">8.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    7.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:
    line">                &nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal"
                style="margin-left:48.6pt"><span style="font-family:
    &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:line">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
                style="text-align:center"><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;layout-grid-mode:line">Ditto 7 for 23 more
                moments<u7:p></u7:p></span></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;
  mso-outline-level:1"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;
  mso-outline-level:1"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Figure
        17.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The first 7 moments of history<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">He starts off
        (1.) on route_87; and then (2.) tries route_83 &#150;
        because he knows that nobody used route_83 before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>But
        agent_91 (2.) has chosen it too because he got stuck on
        route_82 last time (1.) with two others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Consequently,
        the next time (2.) nobody travels on route_82.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>In
        cycle 3, agent_95 has regretted the experiment with
        route_83 and has tried route_87 again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>But this
        time it&#146;s slower than it was when he first used it
        because two others are using it. In fact it&#146;s worse
        than traveling on route_83 which he shared with only one
        other. So next (4.) he goes back to route_83.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>However,
        agent_91 has become a fixed commuter</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;<b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>fixed commuter</b>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>and always
        travels on this road, so its back to route_87 in 5. Now
        agent_95 finds happiness, because commuters are settling
        down and he&#146;s the only user of this route and so he
        stays with this route throughout.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Agents in
        this model arrive at the optimal situation of traveling
        in 1-1 correspondence to routes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Other trials with
        this model show that the system tends to stabilise<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>&#150;
        after trial and error &#150; to optimal loading on all
        routes with fixed commuters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>This feature of
        commuting systems was first identified by Wardrop (1952)
        and is known as <b>Wardrop&#146;s Principle</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> XE &quot;</span>Wardrop&#8217;s Principle<span
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot; </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>of
        Equilibrium.<u7:p></u7:p></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;
  mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;
  mso-outline-level:1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">17.3
<span style="letter-spacing:
  -.3pt">        Mathematical Modeling vs. Intelligent Agents_<u7:p></u7:p></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The
        intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
  XE &quot;intelligent agents&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>approach is fascinating, but what
        do we learn about the intelligent agent approach from
        this program?<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>Could we not have drawn the same
        conclusion using <b>mathematical modeling</span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'> XE &quot;</span>mathematical modeling<span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'>&quot; </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></b>?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The
        mathematical approach<u> </u>attempts to isolate a set of
        variables and then captures the relationships between
        those variables in a set of equations. This is the
        classical approach found in physics and engineering. The
        model is good if it accurately predicts how the values of
        variables change in relation to each other. This modeling
        may be influenced by a &#145;picture&#146; or analogy
        which determines what variables are chosen and what the
        equations are. But the test is whether the model is a
        good predictor.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">In transport,
        the mathematical approach is <b>macroscopic</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'> XE &quot;</span>macroscopic<span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot;
  \b </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></b>.
        Mathematical models are concerned with aggregate
        behaviour of many commuters. The mathematical approach is
        also <b>quantitative</b>. The intelligent agent approach
        is <b>microscopic</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  bold'> XE &quot;</span>microscopic<span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>&quot;
  \b </span></span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></b>, it is concerned with what is
        happening inside the head of an individual commuter. The
        model is <b>qualitative</b>, based on a hypothesis about
        the beliefs and desires of the agent and how he/she
        interacts with his/her environment. Each intelligent
        agent is modeled within the computer and here we use
        symbolic logic to model the personality of the agent.
        Powerful computers are used to simulate the interaction
        of hundreds of these agents and the <b>quantitative</b>
        aspects of the model emerge from an analysis of the way
        the whole system behaves. The intelligent agents approach
        is <i>completely dependent</i> on the best computing
        technology.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The
        intelligent agents approach is tested in the <u>same</u>
        way as the mathematical approach - by seeing if agents do
        behave in the predicted way. For instance, our model
        performs according to Wardrop's Principle which is a good
        confirmation. Figure 17.6 summarises the differences.<u7:p></u7:p><br
        clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:line-break;page-break-before:always">
<u5:p></u5:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span>        </p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <div align="center"><center><table border="0"
        cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
        style="margin-left:.15in;
   border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .75pt;
   mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt">
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="215"
                style="width:161.05pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p
                align="center" class="MsoNormal"
                style="text-align:center"><u7:p></u7:p><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Mathematical
                Approach<u7:p></u7:p></span></strong></p>
                </td>
                <td valign="top" width="224"
                style="width:168.25pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><p
                align="center" class="MsoNormal"
                style="text-align:center"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Intelligent
                Agents Approach<u7:p></u7:p></span></strong></p>
                </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="215"
                style="width:161.05pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Quantitative<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
                <td valign="top" width="224"
                style="width:168.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
    none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;border-right:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Qualitative<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="215"
                style="width:161.05pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Macroscopic<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
                <td valign="top" width="224"
                style="width:168.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
    none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;border-right:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Microscopic<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="215"
                style="width:161.05pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Tested
                by seeing if it is a good predictor<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
                <td valign="top" width="224"
                style="width:168.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
    none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;border-right:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Tested
                by seeing if it is a good predictor<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td valign="top" width="215"
                style="width:161.05pt;border:solid black .75pt;
    border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">May</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
    &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></u>
                use powerful computers<u5:p></u5:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></td>
                <td valign="top" width="224"
                style="width:168.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
    none;border-bottom:solid black .75pt;border-right:solid black .75pt;
    mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .75pt;
    padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"><u><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
    mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Must</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
    &quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></u>
                use powerful computers<u7:p></u7:p></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        </center></div><p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:center"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Figure 17.6
        Mathematical Modeling and Intelligent Agents Contrasted.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The advantage
        of modeling using intelligent agents</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;intelligent agents&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;</span>is that it
        allows us to see how simple qualitative desires and
        attitudes, supported by the basic numerical skills that
        most people have, results in complex quantitative
        behaviour when these agents are allowed to interact.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        The reason computer scientists are excited over this
        field, is that it can be applied to many fields from
        commuting to stock markets to ecology, replacing older
        models based directly on &#145;number crunching&#146;.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span>        In order to unleash the full power of intelligent agents
        and build models for the complex economic and social
        systems we have created, we will need computers a million
        times faster than our best desktop models.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>But to
        get the best out of these new wonder machines, we need to
        abandon languages like C++ and Java and to learn to
        program in the sorts of high-level representations
        discussed in this chapter. <u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Exercise
        17________________________________<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">1.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        Real transport systems have periodic disruptions due to
        road works, fog, accidents and so forth.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>How would
        you build these into the model?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>What effects do
        these incidents have?<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">2.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        A &#147;Sunday afternoon driver&#148; is a driver whose
        psychological profile is different from those of our
        agents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The Sunday afternoon driver is not
        interested in getting from A to B as quickly as possible,
        but chooses routes at random, trying new ones in
        preference to old.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>What effect do Sunday afternoon
        drivers have on ordinary commuters? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">3.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        The <b>wumpus world</b> is a grid of squares surrounded
        by walls, where each square can contain agents and
        objects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The agent always starts on the lower left
        corner, a square that we will label [1,1].<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>The
        agent&#146;s task is to find the gold, return to [1,1]
        and so climb out of the cave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>An example wumpus
        world is shown below.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p align="center" class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<img
        src="chap172.jpg" width="296" height="240"></p>
        <p style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The rules of the wumpus world
        are</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">as follows.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(a)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        In the square containing the wumpus and in the directly
        (not diagonally) adjacent squares the agent will perceive
        a stench.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(b)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        In the squares directly adjacent to the pit the agent
        will perceive a breeze.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(c)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        In the square where the gold is the agent will perceive a
        glitter.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(d)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        When the agent walks into a wall, it will perceive a
        bump.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(e)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        When the wumpus is killed it gives a woeful scream that
        can be perceived anywhere in the cave.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(f)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        The permitted agent actions are to go forward, turn right
        by 90<sup>o</sup> and to turn left by 90<sup>o</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        The action <i>shoot</i> can be used to fire an arrow in a
        straight line in the direction the agent is facing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        The arrow continues until it hits and kills the wumpus or
        hits the wall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>The action <i>grab</i> can be used
        to pick up an object in the same cave as the agent.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(g)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        The action <i>climb</i> is used to climb out of the cave;
        it is effective only when the agent is at the start
        square.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(h)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        Every agent has only one arrow.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(i)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        The agent dies a miserable death if it enters a square
        containing a pit or a live wumpus.<span style="mso-spacerun:
  yes">&nbsp; </span>It is safe to
        enter a square with a dead wumpus.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:49.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
  13.5pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The
        goal is to find the gold and bring it back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>1000
        points is given for climbing out of the cave while
        carrying the gold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>1 point is deducted for each
        action taken, and 10,000 points are deducted for getting
        killed. Implement the wumpus world using an intelligent
        agent. (Taken from Russell</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Russell</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>and Norvig</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Norvig</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(1995),
        p154.)<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:49.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;tab-stops:
  13.5pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.75in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
  -.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .75in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">5.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
  10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        5.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:7.0pt;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">**Apart from
        transport, can you identify other areas for using
        intelligent agents?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Choose one such area and build
        an intelligent agent model for it.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> XE &quot;intelligent agents&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p><u5:p></u5:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <h5 style="margin-left:.5in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">Further
        Reading___________________________<u7:p></u7:p></span></h5>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Intelligent
        agents is a fast-growing area of computer science, and
        this chapter only scratches the surface.<b> Murch</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Murch</span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span>and
        <b>Johnson</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Johnson</span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span>(1998) is a study of the commercial
        aspects and history of intelligent agents. <b>Tecuci</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Tecuci</span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span>(1998)
        contains several case studies of intelligent agent
        systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><b>Ferber</span><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span></b><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Ferber</span></b><b><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&quot; \b </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
  style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
  "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></b>&nbsp;</span>(1999) is a very
        thorough examination of several different ways of
        representing intelligent agents from an A.I. perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;
</span>        Intelligent agents has its own conferences; the <b>International
        Workshops in Multi-Agent-Based Simulation</b> and the <b>Second
        International Symposium Agent Systems, Mobile Agents, and
        Applications</b> are printed in the Lecture Notes in
        Computer Science Series by Springer-Verlag. <b>Autonomous
        Agents and Multi-Agent Systems </b>published by Kluwer is
        a journal devoted to intelligent agents.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Web
        Sites<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:-.35pt;margin-bottom:
  0in;margin-left:.5in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;mso-outline-level:
  1"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"
        style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">University of
        Maryland runs a web page <a
        href="http://www.abacom.com/innomagi/online/index.htm"></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"></a><a
        href="http://www.abacom.com/innomagi/online/index.htm">http://agents.umbc.edu</a><a
        href="http://www.abacom.com/innomagi/online/index.htm"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a>
        with many links on intelligent agents.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
  EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:
  line-break;page-break-before:always">
</span>        </p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">&nbsp;<u7:p></u7:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><br clear="all"
        style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<o:p></o:p></span>        </p>
        <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
  &quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"> </p>
        <hr size="1" align="left" width="33%">
        <p></span> </p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><a href="#_ftn3"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></a><a
        href="#_ftn3"></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a href="#_ftn3"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote">[1]</span></a><a
        href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"
        style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" title>[2]</a><a
        href="#_ftn3"></a><a href="#_ftn3"></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a href="#_ftn3"></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a>[1]</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        This last feature brings in <b>robotics</b> and <b>vision
        </b>which is why the study of intelligent agents is
        broader than automated reasoning.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>According to
        Norvig</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Norvig</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>and Russell</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
  lang=EN-GB style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> XE &quot;</span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
  normal'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
  font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Russell</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
  "Microsoft Sans Serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
  EN-GB'>&quot; </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB
  style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft Sans Serif";
  mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
  style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(1995), the study of
        intelligent agents is the study of artificial
        intelligence itself. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><a href="#_ftn4"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"></a><a
        href="#_ftn4"></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a href="#_ftn4"></span></span></a><a href="#_ftn4"
        name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" title><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
  mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings">0</span></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a
        href="#_ftn4"></a><a href="#_ftn4"></span></span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a><a href="#_ftn4"></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></a>
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&quot;;
  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">        Qi Programs/Chap17/comm_model.qi.<u7:p></u7:p></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        </td>
    </tr>
</table>
</center></div>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p></span></p>

<p><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character:line-break">
</p>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt">
<hr size="1" align="left" width="33%">
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" title></a></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" title></a></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" title></a></p>

<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;<u5:p></u5:p><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" title></a></p>

<p><br clear="all">
</p>

<hr size="1" align="left" width="33%">

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8"
style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" title></a>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p>
</body>
</html>
